Pediatric Dentist Oakland: Giving Specialized Care for Children

Pediatric Dentistry Treatments: What Moms And Dads Must Know



Parents play a vital function in making certain the oral health of their children from a young age. With advancements in pediatric dental care treatments, it is important for parents to be aware of the various options available to keep their youngster's oral health. From preventive actions to emergency treatment, recognizing the details of pediatric oral therapies can equip parents to make informed choices regarding their children's dental health. By being educated about the importance of pediatric dental treatment, parents can take positive steps to guarantee their youngster's smile remains intense and healthy.




Relevance of Pediatric Dental Care



Kids DentistKid Dentist Near Me
Ensuring constant pediatric oral look after kids is important to developing lifelong oral health and wellness practices and preventing dental concerns. Regular dental examinations beginning at an early age assistance in detecting any type of possible issues and addressing them without delay. These visits not only keep an eye on the youngster's oral health however additionally enlighten both the child and parents on proper dental care methods. By instilling great dental health routines from a young age, kids are extra likely to bring these routines into adulthood, reducing the threat of oral conditions such as dental caries and gum tissue illness.


Pediatric oral care goes past just therapies; it is about creating a favorable and comfy atmosphere for youngsters to feel at simplicity throughout dental gos to. This favorable experience helps fit their attitude towards oral care, making them more probable to prioritize their oral health and wellness as they expand older. Additionally, very early treatment in dental problems can stop much more substantial problems in the future, saving both money and time for moms and dads while guaranteeing the kid's health.




Kid Dentist OaklandPediatric Dentist

Usual Preventative Treatments



Pediatric dentistry provides a range of usual precautionary therapies aimed at maintaining youngsters's oral health and stopping oral issues. Among the most usual preventive measures is dental sealers. These are thin safety finishes related to the chewing surface areas of the back teeth to avoid dental caries. Fluoride therapy is another crucial precautionary method that aids enhance the enamel and makes teeth extra immune to decay. Routine oral cleanings and check-ups are crucial in determining any kind of click for source prospective problems at an early stage and guaranteeing correct oral hygiene practices. Additionally, orthodontic evaluations are suggested to check the growth and advancement of the child's teeth and jaw, enabling prompt treatment if orthodontic treatment is needed in the future. By integrating these precautionary treatments into your kid's dental care regimen, you can significantly decrease the threat of oral issues and promote long-lasting oral health.




 



Understanding Oral X-Rays



In the realm of pediatric dentistry and the selection of typical preventive treatments offered, a critical aspect to comprehend is the relevance and role of dental X-rays in preserving youngsters's dental health top article and wellness. For children, whose teeth and jaws are still developing, dental X-rays play an essential role in making certain proper growth and dealing with any type of problems early on. By recognizing the significance of dental X-rays in pediatric dental care, parents can proactively get involved in their children's dental wellness treatment and add to maintaining healthy smiles for years to come.




Managing Pediatric Dental Emergencies



During unforeseen oral crises in children, punctual activity and educated decision-making are essential to minimize possible dangers and guarantee optimal dental health outcomes. When encountered with a pediatric oral emergency, it is necessary for moms and dads to stay tranquil and take fast activity. In all cases of pediatric oral emergencies, speaking to a pediatric dental professional immediately is crucial to make sure proper therapy and the best feasible result for the kid's dental health and wellness.




Benefits of Early Orthodontic Examination





Are there benefits to seeking an early orthodontic evaluation for your child's dental health? Early orthodontic examinations offer a range of advantages that can favorably impact your kid's dental growth.




 


In addition, early orthodontic analyses can help guide appropriate oral growth and advancement, permitting prompt treatment if needed. This aggressive strategy can cause much shorter and a lot more efficient orthodontic therapies in the future. Furthermore, resolving orthodontic problems early can contribute to boosted dental wellness, speech advancement, and overall self-confidence for your child.




Kids DentistPediatric Dentistry Oakland

Final Thought



In conclusion, parents must focus on pediatric oral treatment to ensure their youngster's dental health and wellness - pediatric dentist near me. Common precautionary treatments, comprehending dental x-rays, and taking care of her comment is here oral emergency situations are essential aspects of pediatric dentistry.

 

Unrivaled Dental Excellence: Dentist San Diego Specialists

Attaining a Perfect Smile: A Comprehensive Overview to Dental Treatment



Are you tired of hiding your smile? Look no even more, because this extensive guide is here to assist you accomplish an excellent smile! In this short article, we'll stroll you through different oral procedures, review the factors that influence oral wellness, as well as share suggestions for selecting the right dental professional. And also, we'll offer you with some useful oral health pointers to keep that glowing smile. Prepare to check out sophisticated oral therapies for smile enhancement. It's time to flaunt your pearly whites!




San Diego DentistDentist Near Me

Recognizing Oral Treatments



To understand oral procedures, you'll need to enlighten yourself concerning the various treatments available. When it concerns attaining an excellent smile, there are several alternatives to think about. One typical oral procedure is teeth lightening. This therapy helps to remove stains and discoloration, leaving you with a brighter and extra confident smile. Another preferred alternative is oral veneers. These slim coverings are placed over the front surface area of your teeth to improve their look. Veneers can fix problems like chipped, fractured, or misaligned teeth. Dental implants are a fantastic solution if you have missing teeth. They are surgically positioned right into your jawbone and function as fabricated tooth origins, providing a strong foundation for substitute teeth. Invisalign is one more option for those that want straighter teeth. This therapy includes putting on a collection of clear aligners that progressively move your teeth into the preferred position. Lastly, if you have tooth degeneration or damage, a dental crown or filling might be required. Crowns are made use of to cover the whole tooth, while fillings are made use of to recover smaller locations. By understanding these various treatments, you can make an enlightened choice concerning which one is ideal for you.




Aspects Impacting Dental Health



Look after your teeth and gum tissues to maintain great oral health. Your oral wellness is influenced by numerous elements, including your dental hygiene practices, diet regimen, lifestyle options, and also genetics. By being mindful of these variables, you can guarantee that your teeth and also gum tissues remain healthy and strong.


Primarily, practicing great dental health is essential. Brush your teeth at the very least twice a day, using a fluoride tooth paste as well as a soft-bristled tooth brush. Don't neglect to floss day-to-day to remove plaque and food fragments from between your teeth. Routine dental examinations and also cleanings are likewise vital to find any prospective problems at an early stage. Dentist Near Me.




 


Your diet plan plays a significant role in your oral health and wellness. Limitation your intake of acidic and also sweet drinks and also foods, as they can add to dental caries and enamel disintegration. Rather, choose for a balanced diet abundant in fruits, veggies, lean proteins, and also milk items that offer important nutrients for your teeth and gum tissues.




Furthermore, certain way of life choices can affect your dental health and wellness. Avoid cigarette smoking or using cigarette items as they can result in gum tissue illness and also oral cancer cells. Restriction your alcohol usage, as too much drinking can likewise harm your dental wellness.


Genetics might affect your susceptibility to different oral problems. Some individuals might be more susceptible to dental caries, gum tissue disease, or misaligned teeth because of their hereditary make-up. It is very important to discuss your household background with your dental expert to create an individualized oral treatment strategy.




Picking the Right Dental Professional



Discovering the appropriate dentist is necessary for keeping excellent oral health. When it concerns your oral care, you want somebody who comprehends your requirements and also gives excellent therapy. Just how do you select the ideal dental expert for you?


Consider their certifications as well as experience. Search for a dental expert that is extremely trained and has an excellent reputation. Examine if they are a participant of expert dental associations, as this reveals their commitment to ongoing education and learning and also staying up-to-date with the most recent strategies.




Cosmetic Dentistry San DiegoFamily Dentist San Diego
Next off, think regarding the area and office hrs. Locate a dental expert whose facility is conveniently located as well as has adaptable hrs that match your schedule. By doing this, you will not need to stress concerning making time for oral appointments.


In addition, take right into account the services the dental expert uses. Do they supply the specific treatments you need? Whether you need routine cleansings, orthodontic job, or cosmetic procedures, make certain the dental professional you choose can fulfill your specific dental requirements.


Don't forget about the importance of personal convenience. You desire a dental professional who makes you feel at ease and listens to this hyperlink your problems. A pleasant and also caring dental practitioner can make all the distinction in your oral experience.




Oral Hygiene Tips for a Perfect Smile



How can you make sure that your teeth remain healthy and balanced and your smile continues to be glowing? Make certain to comb your teeth at least two times a day utilizing a soft-bristled toothbrush as well as fluoride tooth paste.


In enhancement to cleaning, flossing is important for keeping dental health. Usage regarding 18 inches of floss as well as delicately slide it in between your teeth, making a C-shape around each tooth to remove plaque and particles. Make certain to floss at the very least once daily, preferably prior to bedtime.


To additionally protect your teeth, include mouthwash into your dental hygiene regimen. Pick an alcohol-free mouth wash which contains fluoride to help enhance your teeth as well as avoid cavities. Wash your mouth for regarding 30 recommended you read secs after brushing and flossing.


Finally, do not forget normal sees to your dentist. Arrange check-ups every six months for professional cleansings and also exams. Your dental practitioner can discover any possible concerns early on and also give appropriate treatment.




Advanced Dental Treatments for Smile Enhancement



If you're aiming to boost your smile, there are sophisticated dental therapies available. These treatments can aid attend to numerous dental problems as well as boost the overall look of your teeth. One such treatment is oral bonding, where a tooth-colored resin product is put on your teeth to restore their form and color. It can be utilized to repair fractured, chipped, or discolored teeth, giving you a natural-looking smile. Another option is dental veneers, which are thin shells made from porcelain or composite material that are bound to the front of your teeth. Veneers can deal with a series of oral issues, including voids, misalignment, as well as discoloration.


For those wanting to align their teeth, helpful resources braces are a preferred selection. Standard metal dental braces use brackets as well as cables to gradually align your teeth. If you favor a more discreet alternative, you can opt for clear aligners like Invisalign. These customized aligners are virtually unseen as well as can be gotten rid of when eating or brushing, making them a hassle-free selection for lots of.


Dental implants are a superb solution if you're missing one or more teeth. Implants are artificial tooth roots that are surgically put right into your jawbone and topped with a dental crown. They function and look like natural teeth, giving a long-lasting as well as long lasting option for missing teeth.


With these innovative dental treatments, you can achieve the smile of your dreams as well as improve your self-confidence. Talk to your dental professional to establish the most effective treatment option for your particular requirements.




Final thought



 


There you have it-- a detailed guide to attaining a best smile via oral therapy. And if you're looking to improve your smile additionally, think about exploring advanced oral therapies.


In this short article, we'll stroll you through different oral treatments, review the elements that affect dental wellness, and also share ideas for selecting the right dentist. Take care of your teeth as well as periodontals to preserve great oral health and wellness. Usage regarding 18 inches of oral floss and delicately glide it between your teeth, making a C-shape around each tooth to remove plaque and also particles (Dentist Near Me). These therapies can help attend to numerous dental problems as well as boost the total appearance of your teeth. One such treatment is oral bonding, where a tooth-colored resin product is applied to your teeth to recover their shape as well as shade

 

6 Simple Techniques For Top 10 Best Dentists In Bakersfield

Some Known Questions About 10 Best Dentists In Bakersfield.


That quantity stands for simply exactly how much the plan will pay for those solutions that are covered, no matter of the charge charged by the dental expert. The difference between the allowed cost as well as the dental expert's charge is billed to the individual.


In return, the dental experts agree to give particular types of therapy to the individuals at no fee.


You have the choice of heading out of network, however your out-of-pocket costs will certainly be higher. Like a health insurance policy HMO, these strategies provide a network of dental practitioners that accept the prepare for a set co-pay, or no cost whatsoever. Nonetheless, you may not have the ability to see an out-of-network dental expert.




Examine This Report about Bakersfield Dentists


A dental strategy may elect not to cover some procedures, such as sealants, at all. Every strategy has a cap on what it will pay during a strategy year, and for many that cap is fairly low.




 


Some strategies may absolutely exclude specific solutions or treatment to reduce prices. Know specifically what services the strategy covers and also excludes (10 Best Dentists in Bakersfield). However there are particular restrictions and also exemptions in many oral insurance plans that are made to maintain dentistry's expenses from rising without punishing the patient. All strategies omit speculative treatments and also services not performed by or under the supervision of a dentist, however there may be some much less apparent exclusions.


That will certainly assist you schedule your consultations. Your plan might pay for a full collection of X-rays only when every 3 years.




What Does Top 10 Best Dentists In Bakersfield Mean?


If that's the instance, you will certainly have to pay any recurring therapy costs expense. Review your dental policy closely to see whether your procedure is covered. Call your insurer if you have inquiries. If you require a significant procedure, you can ask your dentist to send a pre-treatment quote.


As you contrast strategies, search for out the following points: Whether your dental practitioner and also any kind of professionals you may need are in network, Total costs for the plan each year, consisting of costs, co-pays, and deductibles, Annual optimum, Out-of-pocket restriction, if any, Limitations on pre-existing conditions, Protection for braces, if needed or prepared for, Emergency therapy insurance coverage, including treatment if you're far from residence, Whether you can select your own dental practitioner That regulates treatment decisions: you as well as your dentist, or the dental strategy, Whether the strategy covers diagnostic, preventive, and emergency situation solutions, and just how much, What regimen treatment is covered What major oral treatment is covered Whether you can see the dental professional when you need to and also routine appointment times convenient for you, That is eligible for coverage under the strategy, and when insurance coverage goes right into impact, Patients and also dental insurance strategy purchasers need to firmly insist on regular testimonials of premium degrees to make certain that UCR or table of allocations repayment timetables are equitable.




 


If you are covered under 2 oral benefits strategies, inform the manager or carrier of your main strategy about your twin protection status. In some situations, you may be ensured full protection where strategy benefits overlap and also receive a benefit from one plan where the various other strategy notes an exemption.




Little Known Facts About Bakersfield Dentists.


By doing so, you can get the care that's ideal for you and also deal with the dentist to develop therapy strategies that give the most and also first-rate care. Your dental professional can't address details concerns regarding your dental insurance strategy or anticipate what level of coverage for a certain procedure will certainly be.


If you have questions concerning insurance coverage, call your employer's advantages department, your insurance strategy, or the third-party payer of your health insurance.


In the Marketplace, you can select a health and wellness plan with or without oral benefits. If you select a health insurance without dental advantages, you can still get a different the original source dental strategy. Notification: You can not buy a Market oral plan unless you're acquiring a wellness plan at the same time. Some Market health insurance plan have oral protection.




Facts About Best Dentists In Bakersfield Revealed


If a health and wellness plan consists of dental, the costs covers both health and wellness and oral coverage. In some cases, different dental strategies are offered.


You can after that sneak peek health strategies with dental, as well as different dental plans. Top 10 Best Dentists in Bakersfield. There are 2 helpful resources classifications of Market oral plans: High and low.


Lower A fixed amount ($20, for instance) you pay for a protected health care service after you've paid your deductible. as well as The quantity you spend for protected health treatment solutions before your insurance coverage strategy begins to pay. With a $2,000 insurance deductible, for instance, you pay the initial $2,000 of protected services yourself.




The Greatest Guide To Best Dentist Bakersfield


Top 10 Best Dentist BakersfieldBest Dentists In Bakersfield


While dental protection for kids need to be to you, you have to get it. Wellness plans don't have to offer adult dental protection. Can I cancel my Market dental coverage and still keep my health and wellness protection?


Thanks to the Web, we can quickly discover what we require. Be it the nearby food store, the highest possible placed dining establishment, or the finest gallery in the city, with simply one click, we can find anything. Certainly, among the most vital elements of life is health and wellness; in a similar way, we perform our health care research study on the web.


On the other hand, some organizations that offer wellness tourist do not hold this certification. Unfortunately, unaccredited health and wellness tourism companies might disguise themselves and persuade people taking a trip for health tourism to obtain oral care thanks to the toughness of the web as well as advertising. Also, some non-accredited firms supply affordable, yet due to the fact that they lack certification, they are subject to numerous dangers.




The Definitive Guide for Best Dentist Bakersfield


Top 10 Best Dentists In BakersfieldDentist Bakersfield California


The health and wellness link tourist is not aware of the oral treatment warranty. In Turkey, various effective and useful health tourist agencies are approved.

 

Some Known Questions About Emergency Dentist.

Some Of Emergency Dental Services


Cosmetic DentistDentist

A lot of dental practitioners will tell you that a tooth with a big dental filling or problem like in the picture above demands to be crowned due to the fact that the tooth is at threat of fracturing. Regrettably, this reasoning is outdated as well as comes from an age of silver dental fillings, but organization dental professionals are not allowing go of this profitable method.


In comparison, silver dental fillings rest inside the tooth by rubbing; they do not bond to the tooth and also consequently make the continuing to be tooth structure prone to fracture therefore the demand for oral crowns. Front teeth, root canal or not, are not enhanced by crowning them: do NOT crown them!


Over 55% of dentists abandon what they find out in oral college as well as will certainly drill and load these locations of "incipient decay" (the technological term for the initial dental caries development). This unnecessary loading condemns the tooth to be re-drilled every 10-15 years as fillings do not last as long as all-natural tooth framework.


 

Top Guidelines Of Dentist Near Me


Dentist Near MeChattanooga Dentist

 



Individuals pay a poor dental expert to damage teeth! This is why a company dental practitioner's average dental prices are greater. Replacing previous dental fillings is the most common treatment a dental expert carries out because as soon as you obtain a dental filling in a tooth, you are even more susceptible to get another cavity compared to an undrilled all-natural tooth! Please brush as well as floss to protect against dental cavity.


Oral CT scans subject you to 100 times more radiation than a solitary oral X-ray. The modern technology goes over, however constantly ask exactly how obtaining a CT check benefits you: Will it make a distinction in what is done or how it will be done? An oral bridge is an old technique to change missing out on teeth.


All other alternatives, such as dental bridges as well as partial dentures, will certainly quicken the loss of your teeth! Clients frequently see that their teeth look longer with age, resulting from gum tissue recession - Chattanooga dentist. Nearly all people assume this is a visit site sign of periodontal illness and also should be fixed. Gum economic crisis on a tooth is like a crease on the face; it is extra usual with age and also is an aesthetic problem.




The Greatest Guide To Emergency Dentist


Review much more: An oral implant is the next finest thing to your all-natural tooth. Getting your teeth corrected does NOT make your teeth, periodontals or jaw joint healthier! A company dental practitioner will talk concerning your bite and teeth as if you had some illness that needs fixing: they will certainly say that you have a "deep bite" and/ or "over-jet" and/or "cross-bite" as if they were a condition, convincing you that you Required the teeth corrected.


A is a filling recommended you read inside the origin of a tooth. When microorganisms have found their means inside the tooth's root, many generally due to dental caries (cavity), a root canal is required since otherwise, the bacteria will certainly spread right into the bone, gum tissue and face. Do not really feel forced into obtaining a root canal.


It is typical for a poor dentist to suggest a root canal before doing a crown. That's a double oral scam: an unnecessary crown and also origin canal scam. That's around $2,500 that you are paying to: make your tooth less healthy and balanced make your tooth weaker reduce the long life of the tooth You are paying the poor dental expert to destroy your teeth! CRAZY.




Some Known Factual Statements About Chattanooga Dentist


As an example: 1) An investigative reporter for Visitor's Digest gos to 50 various dentists: 2) 3) Dental Chain Violated New York Regulation: overcharging by unneeded oral procedures 4) Avoiding company dental professionals and also their top dental practitioner rip-off of unnecessary oral work is the very best method to decrease your oral expenses and also enhance your dental health and wellness all at once.




Learn much more concerning the dental job advised to you to ensure you are not getting unneeded oral work, the worst dental procedures, as it ruins your dental wellness. Your typical he said oral expenses can be reduced; discover a medical professional dentist- Company dentists fix all tooth cavities.


A dental caries that turns around by remineralization creates new tooth structure that is stronger than the original tooth structure. When a cavity is in the tooth enamel, the first of three layers of the tooth, a tooth cavity can be reversed by brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and flossing - dental implants. When a cavity makes its way into the second layer of the tooth, the dentin, it can not reverse therefore a filling is needed.

 

The 25-Second Trick For Orthodontist Reston Va

An Unbiased View of Orthodontics Reston

 

When your dental braces are on, you'll go to the orthodontist every couple of weeks. On some gos to, the orthodontist may just examine to make sure that your braces are in area as they ought to be.


The orthodontist might reveal you how to use elastic band, which are extended between two teeth and help to correct the method your teeth align. Some youngsters also might need to wear various other devices, such as headgear. You might have seen children who have headwear, which obtains its name from the fact that it's worn around the head.

 

 

 

Orthodontist In RestonOrthodontist Reston

 



It's developed to apply pressure that pushes the back teeth back, permitting more room for teeth in the front of the mouth. Headwear is generally simply used during the night, not throughout the day. You can expect to really feel a little uncomfortable sometimes when you wear dental braces or various other orthodontic devices.

 

 

 

Reston Orthodontics - The Facts

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


And the orthodontist generally offers wax you can make use of to cover any sharp areas on the dental braces that are bothering you or are rubbing versus the within your mouth or gum tissues. Braces can be put on for different sizes of time, yet lots of people wear them for 1 to 3 years.


After the braces are removed, several youngsters require to wear a retainer for a while to maintain their teeth in location. During this time, you'll still require to visit the orthodontist routinely.


When it comes to dental care, there are a lot of various specializeds that concentrate on extremely details areas of the mouth. Every person is familiar with general dentists, however not every person understands what an orthodontist is. Orthodontists are totally qualified dental experts that attend three added years of education in college research study programs as well as participate in an orthodontic residency program.

 

 

 

Orthodontist Reston - Truths


Orthodontists are most well known in dentistry for being the ones that apply dental braces and also other placement systems to teeth. Orthodontists aim to avoid misaligned teeth and correct teeth that have currently come to be misaligned. Orthodontists also deal with positioning concerns with the jaw. Teeth and jaw alignment issues can trigger a variety of issues for those who have them, such as speech problems, problems consuming, also jaw discomfort and also bad oral hygiene.


When there is not sufficient space in the jaw for the teeth that need to can be found in, orthodontists can make area by meticulously rearranging teeth. Visual Issues that often arise due to the poor alignment of teeth and the jaw. When the shape or look of the face is influenced by bad occlusion or poor bite it can cause some self-worth concerns.


These are extremely common concerns. The primary step to the therapy of orthodontic problems is to conduct a detailed exam of the jaw as well as teeth. Utilizing digital x-rays and electronic scans of the teeth we can start to develop a treatment strategy. We will certainly make certain that the patient completely comprehends the treatment strategy as well as the timeline estimates prior to starting treatment.

 

 

 

The smart Trick of Orthodontist Reston That Nobody is Talking About


Brackets are usually made of steel or ceramic. These devices are made use of to correct both jaw and also teeth positioning concerns, in growing patients. Where braces can press, as well as draw teeth utilizing various other teeth as anchors, headwear, blog here and facemasks permit an anchor beyond the mouth with which to exact stress on the teeth and jaw permitting us even more control over where they end up.


If you wish to be helpful resources an orthodontist, you have at the very least 10-12 years of education ahead of you. Orthodontists are really similar to dental professionals, yet they carry out entirely different tasks in an office than a dental practitioner would do. This is why you require to see both an orthodontist and a dental professional if you have dental braces.




Even after that time, as well as orthodontist has to proceed screening as well as examining throughout the years in order to do orthodontics. An orthodontist is a professional that concentrates on remedying misaligned smiles, bite and also alignment issues, jaw problems and looks of the mouth. They do this via dental braces, which commonly include metal bracket and also wire appliances.

 

 

 

The Facts About Orthodontists Reston Revealed


After 4 years of oral institution, numerous students come to be dental practitioners. Also though orthodontists are trained in dental care, they do various work than dental professionals.


Some are educated to offer surgical orthodontic treatments, or they function very closely with a dental specialist in remedying a misaligned jaw. For individuals who receive medical orthodontics, an orthodontist will certainly supply pre-surgical orthodontic care to align teeth and also jaws as a our website lot as possible. An individual will certainly after that have dental surgical procedure done to deal with problems that can't be done without surgery.

 

 

 

Orthodontics RestonOrthodontists In Reston
If a person doesn't get medical orthodontics, they usually do 18-24 months of dental braces to straighten their teeth. Primarily, this is what an orthodontist does: they design braces (based upon what kind you select) that fit your smile and that can shape it straight over the course of 1-2 years.

 

 

 

The 9-Second Trick For Orthodontist In Reston Va

 

 


A dental practitioner fixes the extra small problems like the color of your teeth. A dental practitioner is not educated to correct the teeth even if a dental workplace offers a clear aligner solution such as Invisalign. reston orthodontics. You always wish to pick an experienced orthodontist for effectively correcting your teeth so oral concerns don't arise.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15